![]() ![]() This general trajectory underwent a profound change in the 1990s, well reflected by the publication of an influential paper by Weiner (1994) entitled “Integrating social and personal theories of achievement motivation”. ![]() Theories of Motivation in Psychology 29 concerns did not affect the core trajectory of motivation research, which had been dominated by the study of “intrapsychic processes and individual achievement strivings” (p. This emphasis does not mean, however, that social concerns and influences were completely ignored, as the historically dominant theories of motivation did recognise the importance of certain interpersonal relationships as determinants of human behaviour yet, as Graham (1996) rightly pointed out, these social needs, beliefs, desires, interests, goals) as the primary determinants of human behaviour. Motivational psychology has traditionally focused on personal factors (e.g. We shall begin the current discussion by describing the rise of social motivation, and then survey the main social factors impacting student motivation, from the influences of the peer group to the broader cultural context. ![]() In fact, the sociocultural dimension of motivation has gained such an importance that the notion of “social motivation” was introduced in the 1990s to provide an umbrella term for related research. Theoretical accounts of motivation - and also of other related psychological constructs such as identity and self-esteem - have increasingly abandoned the tacit assumption of environmental generalisability and included contextual factors into the research paradigms. This has indeed turned out to become a major theme in contemporary motivation research: although the field of motivational psychology was originally characterised by an individualistic perspective, whereby the sociocultural environment was considered through the individual’s eyes and was thus seen to play a relatively marginal role, this view has undergone a dramatic change over the past two decades. regarding self-determination theory, self-efficacy and social goals) that socio-contextual factors can play a significant role in shaping motivation. We have seen in several places in this chapter (e.g. ![]()
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